The present work makes use of the unique features of fractals such as self similarity and space-filling properties to realize antennas that are characterized by multiband and compact size. The application of the geometric partial arrangement property which known as (Koch) with fourth iteration is adopted in this work....

Four-level rate equation model is used to describe the carrier dynamics in quantum dot (QD) semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) which takes into account the effect of QD continuum state. A phenomenological description is used to model the intradot carrier scattering between discrete quantum dot states and the continuum state....