Optical fiber is broadly used in telecommunication purpose instead of copper wire because of its very high bandwidth and low transmission loss. But it has many chances to loss the transmitting signal. There is always some types of imperfections present at fiber optic connections that causes some loss of signal....

The concept of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) with a mandate to protect and promote human rights have been addressed by the UN for more than half a century, and such institutions have been established in several countries around the world for the last two decades....

Computational Science has emerged as a third pillar of science along with theory and experiment, where the parallelization for scientificc computing is promised by different shared and distributed memory architectures such as, super-computer systems, grid and cluster based systems, multi-core and multiprocessor systems etc....

Tuberculosis has plagued mankind since the beginning of time. It has been estimated that one third of the people on the planet have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.The World Health Organization estimated that at least 180 million children aged less than 15 years were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis worldwide....

Romantic Movement was sparked by a dissolution of social and class barriers. William Wordsworth was the pioneer of the Movement. His poems between 1793 and 1798 are concerned with the miseries of the humble and the down trodden people of his time. His heroes are not from the elite classes but rustic men who lived simple and frugal life....

This research is regarding bone turnover and its association with vitamin D blood levels in adult females. To date, this is the first study exploring the bone health status of apparently healthy adult females residing in Pakistan measuring bone turnover marker using NTx along with 25OHD and iPTH in blood....

The Naran and Kaghan Valleys are more prominent among all the tourism spots due to its compositions of allurements. Tourists not only from abroad but different corners of the country always come to see these beautiful Valleys....

Recent trend for the control of insect pests has been towards the use of substances of plant origin. Toxicity and residual effects of the yellow-berried nightshade, Solanum surrattense Burm. leaves extract were determined against adults of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by contact/filter paper method under laboratory condition....

Prevalence of the risk factors of the medical and genetic disorders in F1-generation of parents having consanguineous marriages increases with the passage of time. It is a big challenge for our society to compete this situation. To control them, it is necessary to get complete information of their prevalence and their risk factors....

Arachis hypogaea (peanut or groundnut) is an economically important crop. Thousands of peanut cultivars are grown in the world and many studies have been carried out on them but, to the best of our knowledge, no salient work has been done on Pakistani cultivar so far....

Sugarcane is a major cash crop of the world and occupies significant position in agricultural economy of Pakistan Study on correlation and path coefficient analysis on ratoon crop for cane yield and yield related traits in 20 accessions of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L....

This book deals with the modeling and simulation of multiple effect evaporators. A computer program for the optimum design of the above has been developed in C++. Two different methods are used for calculating number of effects....

The word “cotton” refers to those species of the genus Gossypium i.e. hirsutum and barbadense which bear spinnable seed coat fibre. However, species hirsutum is major fibre yielding crop, which is grown in tropical and subtropical regions of more than 80 countries....

Since salinization of soil is an important worldwide problem, identification of salt tolerant plants and their underlying mechanism for salt tolerance is an important phenomenon in distinguishing plant salinity relation. The biochemical and molecular study showed that there is variability in salt tolerance behaviour in soybean genotypes....

Tracking System has great importance in intelligent system and has a wide scope. Enormous researches are going to make such systems that are more reliable and accurate. The theory of our project is to trace the path of a smart flying object....